Introduction:    

Soil is great valuable natural resources of our country, it’s fulfill the demand of food and fibers, it is necessary to maintain excellent state of soil health. Soil plays significant role in crop production, maintaining soil macronutrients and micronutrients level.The crop yield is regulated by fertility of soil, potassium, phosphorus for healthy growth. If amount of this nutrients is disturbed it effects on plant health.

Adding larger amount of fertilizers can causes pollution of water, soil, and air. Plants absorbs more fertilizers from the soil, their over-application enables these substances to enter the food chain. Certain chemical fertilizers utilized in agriculture contribute significantly to various environmental issues due to their content of heavy metals and elevated levels of radionuclides. Furthermore, greenhouses and aquaculture operations apply substantial quantities of chemical fertilizers, particularly during peak seasons, which results in severely contaminated underground water. This pollution adversely affects water resources and diminishes crop production in both quality and quantity.

Soil micro flora, which includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses, plays an significant role in the agro-ecosystem and is responsible for numerous critical soil functions, such as nutrient cycling, maintaining soil fertility, enhancing plant productiveness by improving the availability of limited nutrients, and decomposing both organic and inorganic matter.Additionally, the physical properties of soil, including its structure, porosity, aeration, and water infiltration rate, are positively influenced by soil organisms [1].Some researcher work on above aspects viz.[2],[3],[4],[5]and[6].

Materials and Methods:

Study area:

Mul tahsil situated in the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, India, recognized for its substantial rice production. It is positioned roughly 43.45 km to the north-east of the city of Chandrapur, Maharashtra. Mul serves as a prominent hub for rice, housing 53 rice mills that process nearly 90% of the district’s rice. The  soil  samples  were  collected  from  Mul,  Chichala,  Haldi,  Tadala  village  of  Mul  region.  This area is well known for rice crop production.  The research site is located between 20.065’N and 79.67’ E. 

 Soil Sampling:

The duration of present investigation from October 2023 to October 2024. It  was conducted in and around Mul Tahsil,The  samples  were  collected  from 0-15  cm  depth  from  surface  of  soil.  Samples were collected in polythene pouches.  Soil samples collected, dried, and for further determinationcarry to laboratory. Determination of soil parameters by standard methods by [7].

Result and Discussion:

The importance of fertilizers is crucial for the agricultural crop yield, as it replenishes soil nutrients and enhances crop growth and yield. However, to mitigate the various hazards arising from the excessive use of fertilizers, it is essential to adopt a judicious and sustainable approach. This begins with proper soil testing and analysis, followed by the appropriate application of fertilizers to the soil [8].

In the present study, the analysis of normal soil samples and fertilizers containing soil samples is carried out using various methods. The nitrogen amount in normal soil sample contain is ranges from 119 kg/he to 310 kg/he. The amount of nitrogen is reduced from 113 kg/he to 272  kg/he in fertilizers containing soil samples. Similarly the amount of potassium in normal soil is ranges from 160 kg/he to 278 kg/he. The amount is reduced to 130 kg/h to 272  kg/he in fertilizers containing soil samples. The amount of phosphorus in normal soil samples is ranges from 10.97 kg/he to 23 kg/he. In fertilizers containing soil samples that amount is reduced to 9.7 kg/he to 14.7  kg/he.  Zinc amount in normal soil samples is ranges from 0.80 ppm to 54 ppm. In fertilizers containing soil samples this range is reduced to 0.71 ppm to 49 ppm. The amount of copper obtained in normal soil samples is ranges from 0.42 mg/kg to 4.2 mg/kg. This ranges of copper is reduced to 0.32 mg/kg to 3.2 mg/kg in fertilizers containing soil samples.

Iron amount in normal soil samples is ranges from 0.16 % to 20.8 %. The amount in fertilizers containing soil samples is reduced from 0.10 % to 17.4 %. All the values of soil composition shows fluctuation from normal soil samples contents to fertilizers containing soil samples. The overuse of fertilizers may affects soil health and ultimately it effects on mankind. Similar study noted by, [9, 10] Indicated that the nitrogen content available in the soils of the semi-arid region of northern Marathwada was classified as low to medium, ranging from 78.42 to 266.96 kg/he. The differences observed in the available nitrogen of the soil may be attributed to variations in organic carbon content.[11]Reported that the available phosphorus content in the soils of the Majalgoan command area ranged from 9.6 to 24.0 kg/he.[12,13] Conducted an analysis of the soils in the Marathwada region and found that the available potassium ranged from 303 to 512 Kg/ he [14, 15].

Conclusion:

Above study was for conservation of soil areas. The use of cow dung and organic fertilizers like vermicomposting can reduces the negative impact of fertilizers on soil composition. The proper amount of fertilizers uses is also reduced negative effects on soil composition. The organic farming is good option formaintaining soil macronutrients and micronutrients level. The proper care of agricultural land is taken before and after harvesting is helps to gives good yields of crops and maintaining soil health.Chemical fertilizers undoubtedly disrupt the microbial communities within the soil, affecting both structural and functional diversity, along with the predominant soil species. It has been documented that excessive use of chemical fertilizers leads to alterations in microbial activity and diversity.

References:

[1] Zhong, W.H. and Cai Z.C. (2007): “Long-term effects of inorganic fertilizers on microbial biomass and community functional diversity in a paddy soil derived from quaternary red clay”. Appl. Ecol.;36:84-91.

[2] Andrews, S.S. and Caroll, C.R. (2001): “Designing a decision tool for sustainable agroecosystem management”: soil quality assessment of a poultry litter management case study. Ecological Applications 11: 1573-1585.

[3] Dorlodot, S.D., Lutts S. and  Bertin P. (2005) : “Effects of ferrous iron toxicity on the growth and mineral composition of an interspecific rice. J”. Plant Nutr.;28:1–20. doi: 10.1081/PLN-200042144. 

[4]] Ghosh, P. K., Das, A., Saha, R., Kharkrang, E., Tripathi, A. K., Munda, G., and Ngachan, S. V. (2010): “Conservation agriculture towards achieving food security in north-east India”. Current Science, 99(7): 915–21.

[5] Ramakrishnan, K. and Selvakumar, G. (2012): “Effect of bio fertilizers on enhancement of growth and yield on Tomato” (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). International journal of Research in Botany, 2(4): 20-23. 37

[6]] Alam, S. and Seth, R.K. (2014): “Comparative Study on Effect of Chemical and Bio-Fertilizer on Growth, Development and Yield Production of Paddy crop (Oryza sativa)”. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(9): 411-414.

[7] Diao, X., Silver J. and Takeshima H. (2016): “Agricultural Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation”. Volume 1527 International Food Policy Research Institute; Washington, DC, USA. 

[8] Yamaji N., Takemoto Y., Miyaji T., Mitani-Ueno N., Yoshida K.T. and Ma J.F. (2017):  “Reducing phosphorus accumulation in rice grains with an impaired transporter in the node”. Nature.;541:92–95. doi: 10.1038/nature20610.

[9] Biswas, T.D. and Mukherjee S.K. (1994): textbook of soil science :  Tata mc Graw Hills, New Delhi.

[10] Malewar, G.U. (1995): “Micronutrient availability as influenced by cropping pattern in Marathwada region of Maharashtra”. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ.20 (3): 330-333.

[11]Bharambe, P. R., S. G. Kadam., S.D. Shinde. and D.K. Shelke, (2001): “Characterization of soils Majalgaon canal command area (Jayakwadi project stage II)” 47 (4): 749-754.

[12] Waikar, S.L., G.U. Malewar and S.D. More, (2004): “Elemental composition of Humic and Fulvic acid in soils of Marathwada region of Maharashtra”. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 29 (2): 127-129.

[13] Abawi,G.S. and  Widmer T.L. (2000): “Impact of soil health management practices on soilborne pathogens, nematodes and root diseases of vegetable crops” , Applied Soil Ecology.15, (1), 37-47.

[14] Van Bruggen, A.H.C. and Semenov A.M., (2000):  “In search of biological indicators for soil health and disease suppression”. Appl Soil Ecol 15: 13-24

[15] Blair, G.J., Lefroy, R.D.B. and Lisle, L. (1995): “Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems”. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46: 1459-1466.