Herbaceous Phytosociological Characters in Forested Stream of Nagaland, North-East India

This study assessed the phytosociological characteristics and diversity patterns of herbaceous vegetation along the upstream and downstream sections of the KhichiGhoki stream in Zunheboto district, Nagaland. 30 herbaceous species (17 families) were recorded using quadrat-based sampling across two hydrologically distinct zones. Asteraceae emerged as the dominant family, reflecting its ecological adaptability and prevalence in subtropical and disturbed habitats. Quantitative analysis revealed distinct spatial variations in species composition and dominance.Phegopterisconnectilis, Ageratum conyzoides, and Bidenspilosa were the most influential species in both zones, with markedly higher IVI values in the downstream area. Diversity assessment indicated higher species richness (S = 30), Shannon–Wiener diversity (H′ = 3.019), and evenness (E = 0.888) in the upstream zone, whereas downstream vegetation exhibited reduced diversity (H′ = 2.617) and increased dominance (D = 0.104), likely due to disturbance and canopy openness. These findings demonstrate that anthropogenic pressures significantly shape herbaceous community structure in riparian systems. The study underscores the importance of conserving less disturbed upstream habitats and managing invasive species to maintain ecological stability in Nagaland’s fragile hilly landscapes.